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State the word equation for photosynthesis.

Explain how light intensity acts as a limiting factor for photosynthesis.

Describe four environmental factors that increase the rate of transpiration.

State the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Explain why waterlogged soil is harmful to plant roots.

Explain why botanical names are preferred to common names in horticulture.

State the meaning of the suffix '×' and the abbreviation 'cv.' in plant names.

Describe the structural features of an insect-pollinated flower.

Compare the characteristics of a sandy soil and a clay soil for vegetable production.

Describe how you would carry out a hand-texture test on a soil sample.

Explain why and how lime is applied to an acidic vegetable plot.

Describe the visual symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in a leafy vegetable crop.

State the main role of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant growth.

Compare organic and inorganic fertilisers for use on a vegetable plot.

Describe the characteristics of a loam-based seed compost (e.g. John Innes Seed).

Explain the benefits of mulching the surface of an ornamental border.

State three biological controls used against aphids in protected cultivation.

Describe the life cycle and damage caused by the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus).

Compare the symptoms and conditions favouring powdery mildew and downy mildew.

Compare the control of annual weeds with perennial weeds in an ornamental border.

Describe the principles of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme.

Describe the cultivation of maincrop potatoes from chitting to harvest.

Explain why rootstocks are used for apple production.

Describe a three-year crop rotation for a vegetable plot, naming crop groups.

List four factors to consider when selecting a tree for a small urban garden.

Describe a suitable small tree for a chalky soil in full sun, and justify your choice.

List five factors recorded during a site assessment prior to planting design.

Describe the procedure for planting a container-grown shrub in autumn.

Explain how and why a mature apple tree on MM106 rootstock would be pruned in winter.

Describe how and when you would prune a group 2 (early-summer flowering) clematis.

Explain the aftercare needed for a newly planted tree in its first two years.

Describe the autumn renovation of a tired domestic lawn.

Describe the procedure for taking a semi-ripe stem cutting of Lavandula angustifolia.

Describe the conditions required for successful germination of a vegetable seed.

Describe how you would divide an established clump of Hemerocallis in autumn.

Explain why whip-and-tongue grafting is used to propagate apple cultivars.

State the function of the cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast and mitochondrion in a plant cell.

Compare the structure and function of xylem and phloem tissue.

List the taxonomic ranks from family to cultivar, with an example for Rosa 'Iceberg'.

State three environmental factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

Explain how stomata regulate water loss from a leaf.

State the function of the sepal, petal, stamen and carpel.

Explain the importance of good soil structure for plant growth.

Describe cation exchange capacity (CEC) and its significance.

Describe how adding well-rotted organic matter improves a heavy clay soil.

Describe the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and how it can be corrected.

Describe the symptoms of iron deficiency and the conditions under which it occurs.

State the NPK analysis you would expect for (a) sulphate of ammonia, (b) superphosphate, (c) sulphate of potash.

Compare loam-based and peat-free multipurpose composts for container growing.

Describe two efficient methods of irrigating a garden border in summer.

Describe the life cycle and control of the cabbage white butterfly on brassicas.

Describe the damage caused by slugs and three non-chemical controls.

Describe the symptoms and management of rose black spot (Diplocarpon rosae).

Describe the symptoms and spread of honey fungus (Armillaria).

List four pernicious perennial weeds and the storage organ each uses.

Compare cultural and biological control of pests, with one example of each.

Describe the cultivation of runner beans from sowing to harvest.

List the four main vegetable crop groups used for rotation, with one example each.

Describe how a cordon-trained apple is established and pruned.

Describe the cultivation of summer-fruiting raspberries.

Explain why potatoes and tomatoes should not follow each other in rotation.

Describe a planting suitable for a north-facing shady border, with three named plants.

Describe four ways to extend the season of interest in a herbaceous border.

Describe how to plant a bare-root standard tree in winter.

Explain why aspect is critical when planning a planting scheme.

Describe how to prune a group 3 (late-flowering) clematis.

Explain when and how to prune a Forsythia.

List four checks to make on a newly-planted tree during its first summer.

Describe how to establish a new lawn from seed in autumn.

Compare softwood, semi-ripe and hardwood cuttings.

Describe how to take hardwood cuttings of Cornus alba 'Sibirica' in winter.

Describe how to prick out tomato seedlings.

Describe simple layering of a shrub such as Magnolia or Rhododendron.

Describe the chip-budding technique used in apple propagation.